Anadolu Sığla ağacı (Liquiambar orientalis Mill.) ve balsamı üzerine bir değerlendirme
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53463/tafor.2025vol5iss1pp26-36Anahtar Kelimeler:
Günlük ağacı- Günlük sakızı- Balsam- Endemik- Buhur- AntimikrobiyalÖzet
Anadolu sığla ağacı (Liquidambar orientalis) Altingiaceae familyasına ait, doğal olarak yalnızca Türkiye'nin güneybatısında yayılış göstermektedir. L. orientalis türünün var. orientalis ve var. integriloba fiori olmak üzere iki varyetesi bulunmakta olup, endemik bir türdür. Relikt ve endemik bir tür olan, IUCN Kırmızı Listesi'nde “tehlike altındaki türler” kategorisinde yer alan Anadolu sığla ağacı (L. orientalis Mill.), halk arasında "günlük ağacı" olarak da bilinmektedir. Bu türün oluşturduğu sığla ormanlarının ekosistemine bütüncül bir bakışın sunulduğu bu derlemedeacın gövdesine açılan yaralardan doğal olarak sızan sığla balsamı incelenmiştir. Bu değerli reçinenin; antibakteriyel, antimikrobiyal, antitümör ve antioksidan özelliklerinin yanı sıra, fiksatif özelliği sayesinde parfümeri ve kozmetik sanayisinde önemli bir yere sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Geleneksel halk hekimliğinde mide ve cilt hastalıklarının tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sığla balsamının çeşitli kullanım alanlarına yönelik yürütülmüş bilimsel araştırmalar incelenerek Anadolu sığla ağacının ekolojik ve ekonomik önemini ortaya koymak, türün korunması ve sürdürülebilir kullanımına bilimsel katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.
İndirmeler
Referanslar
Anonim (a) (2025). Plants of the world online. Liquidambar orientalis Mill. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid: ipni.org:names:430714-1, Erişim Tarihi: 26.06.2025
Anonim (b) (2025). IUCNREDLİST. Oriental Sweetgum, Liquidambar orientalis. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62556/42326468 Erişim Tarihi:29.06.2025
Anonim (c) (2025). T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Sistemi. 23.04.2020 tarihli Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı. https://www. mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/20.5.2476.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2025
Anonim (d) (2025). T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Sistemi. Sulak Alanların Korunması Yönetmeliği. https://www.mevzuat. gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=19546&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5 Erişim Tarihi:13.07.2025
Anonim (e) (2025). Liquidambar orientalis Mill. fotoğrafı: Düzenleyen: Thomas SCHOEPKE. https://web.archive.org/ web/20070622222320/http://pharm1.pharmazie.uni-greifswald.de/allgemei/koehler/koeh-089.jpg Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2025
Acar YS, Ayaz ÖB, Bürün B (2018). Adventitious shoot formation from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of relict endemic Liquidambar orientalis Miller. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 4(2):137-142.
Akbaş K, Varol Ö (2015). Floristic properties and life forms of Liquidambar orientalis forests naturally distributed in Muğla Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 8(3):159-167.
Altop A, Erener G, Duru ME, Isik K (2018). Effects of essential oils from Liquidambar orientalis Mill. leaves on growth performance, carcass and some organ traits, some blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota in broilers, British Poultry Science, 59 (1):121-127.
Arslan M, Şahin H (2016). Unutulan bir orman ürünü kaynağı: Anadolu sığla ağacı (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.). Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1):103-117.
Aşkun Tülin, Kürkçüoğlu M, Güner Pınar (2021). Anti-mycobacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oils and phenolicextracts of the balsam of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (Altingiaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany 45(8): 800-808.
Atay İ (1985). Sığla Ağacı’nın (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) önemi ve silvikültürel özellikleri. İ.Ü. Orman Fak. Dergisi, 12:15-21.
Atmaca H, Camli Pulat C, Cittan M (2022). Liquidambar orientalis Mill. gum extract induces autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(5):1011-1019.
Aydıngöz M, Bulut S (2014). Egenin gizli kalmış şifa iksiri: Sığla. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering, 14:1-6.
Aykol ŞMÖ, Doğanay D (2022). Antibacterial Effect of Liquidambar Orientalis Miller Resin on Nosocomial Infection Agents. International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies, 11(2):58-66.
Ayrılmış N, Yurttaş E, Durmus A, Özdemir F, Nagarajan R, Kalimuthu M, Kuzman MK (2021). Properties of biocomposite films from PLA and thermally treated wood modified with silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of oriental sweetgum. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29:2409-2420.
Bakır GB (2019). Anadolu sığlasında (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) bazı orijinlerin tohum ve çimlenme özellikleri üzerine incelemeler. İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Baumann BB (1960). The Botanical aspects of ancient Egyptian embalming and burial. The New York Botanical Garden, 14 (1):84-104.
Baloğlu MC, Yıldız Özer L, Pirci B, Zengin G, İbrahim Uba A, Çelik Altunoğlu Y (2023). Evaluation of the potential therapeutic properties of Liquidambar orientalis oil. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(10):e202300291.
Bayraktar M, Hayta S, Parlak S, Gurel A (2015). Micropropagation of centennial tertiary relict trees of Liquidambar orientalis Miller through meristematic nodules produced by cultures of primordial shoots. Trees, 29(4):999-1009.
Bayraktar O, Özyıldız F (2019). Use of ozone for the preparation of functional silk fibroin-based biomaterial loaded with bioactive compounds for biomedical applications. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 41(1):80-91.
Baytop T (1999). Türkiye'de Bitkilerle Tedavi Geçmişte ve Bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.
Bilgili B, Karademir F, Bozacı E, Özdoğan E, Ayhan H, Ayhan F (2016). Liquidambar orientalis Mill. leaf aqueous extract for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and immobilization on textile fabrics for biomedical applications. Textile and Apparel, 26(4):421-429.
Bozkurt E, Ürker O, Elverici M (2022). An assessment of the herpetofauna of the Oriental Sweetgum forests in southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, 21(2):125-139.
Büyükkılıç Altınbaşak B, Issa G, Zengin Kurt B, Demirci B (2022). Biological activities and chemical composition of Turkish Sweetgum balsam (Styrax Liquidus) essential oil. Bezmialem Science, 10(6):709-715.
Büyükkılıç B (2013). Sığala (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) uçucu bileşenlerinin kimyası ve biyolojik aktivitelerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans tezi, Anadolu Universitesi.
Çakmak HY, Ege H, Yılmaz S, Ağtürk G, Dal Yöntem F, Enguven G, Ege ZR (2023). 3D printed Styrax Liquidus (Liquidambar orientalis Miller)-loaded poly (L-lactic acid)/chitosan based wound dressing material: Fabrication, characterization, and biocompatibility results. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 248: 125835.
Çetinkaya S, Çınar Ayan İ, Süntar İ, Dursun HG (2022). The phytochemical profile and biological activity of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis via NF-κB and apoptotic pathways in human colorectal cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 74(4):1457-1473.
Cebeci HH, Korotyaev BA (2019). A new species for the fauna of Turkey: Euryommatus berytensis (Marseul, 1868)(Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Conoderinae). Entomological News, 128(2):120-122.
Chen H, Li SH, Cheng YX (2025). Five anti-inflammatory compounds from the resins of Liquidambar orientalis. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 27(1):1-10.
Çolak ÖF, Kaygusuz O (2018). First record of Scutellinia legaliae (Ascomycota, Pyronemataceae) from relict endemic Liquidambar orientalis forest in Turkey. Czech Mycology, 70(1):57-65.
Çorbacı ÖL, Bilgili BC, Öner N, Erşahin S, Kasko-Arici Y (2019). Potential use of natural Turkish sweetgum species in landscape design in Turkey. Fresenuis Environmental Bulletin, 28(2A):1610-1615.
Daskalakou E, Thanos AK (2014). Sexual reproduction in native trees of Greece. Current Technologies of Forest Seed Treatment, 31-49.
Demir D, Özdemir S, Ceylan S, Yalçın MS, Sakım B, Bölgen N (2022). Electrospun composite nanofibers based on poly (ε-caprolactone) and styrax liquidus (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) as a wound dressing: preparation, characterization, biological and cytocompatibility results. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(6): 2462-2473.
Demir D, Özdemir S, Gonca S, Bölgen N (2021). Novel styrax liquidus loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol cryogels with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(17):52033.
Demirtas A, Pacífico C, Gruber T, Chizzola R, Zebeli Q, Khiaosa-Ard R (2023). Sigla storax (Liquidambar orientalis) mitigates in vitro methane production without disturbances in rumen microbiota and nutrient fermentation in comparison to monensin. J Appl Microbiol 1:134(8):lxad154.
Dönmez İE, Önem E (2018). Anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm and anti-swarming effects of eucalypt and oriental sweet gum bark extractives. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 16(5):6267-6279.
Durak Koray (2022). The story of Storax in the byzantine world: A fragrant resin of international fame from Southern Anatolia. Adalya, (25):179-207.
Duru ME, Çakır A, Harmandar M (2002). Composition of the volatile oils isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Var. Orientalis and L. orientalis var. İntegriloba from Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17:95-98.
Duran T, Tuncer Z (2023). Investigation of cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of styrax liquidus obtained from Liquidambar orientalis Miller (Hamamelidaceae) on HEp-2 cancer cell with caspase pathway. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine, 55(3):185.
Ertürk Ö, Sarıkaya A (2017). Effects of various plant extracts on the development of the potato beetle under laboratory and field conditions: a combined study. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 19(2):101-112.
Gürbüz İ, Yeşilada E, Demirci Betül, Sezik E, Demirci F, Başer KHC (2013). Characterization of volatiles and anti-ulcerogenic effect of Turkish sweetgum balsam (Styrax liquidus), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 148(1): 332-336.
Harman İ, Avcı M (2023). Contributions to the knowledge of Turkish saproxylic beetle fauna of Anatolian sweetgum forests. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 47(4):415-431.
Huang S, Cai J, Ma L, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Zhang Q, et al. (2024). Effects of grafting on chemical constituents, toxicological properties, antithrombotic activity, and myocardial infarction protection of styrax secreted from the trunk of Liquidambar orientalis Mill., PLoS ONE, 19(1):e0289894.
Karademir F, Ayhan F (2021). Antimicrobial surface functionality of PEG coated and AgNPs immobilized extracorporeal biomaterials. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem, 12(1):1039-1052.
Kavak S, Wilson B (2018). Liquidambar orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Kaygusuz O (2024). First record of Hygrophoropsis flavida (Hygrophoropsidaceae, Agaricomycetes) from Türkiye. Anatolian Journal of Botany, 8(2):176-180.
Kaygusuz O, Gezer K, Şeker M (2016). Four new records of Pluteus Fr. from interesting habitats in the Aegean region of Turkey. Botany Letters, 163(3):251-259.
Kaygusuz O, Knudsen H, Bandini D, Türkekul I (2022). Inocybe viscida (Inocybaceae: Agaricomycetes), a new species from Mediterranean forests of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 46(5):517-527.
Keskin D, Güvensen N (2022). Investigation of antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of different extracts of Sweet gum leaves (Liquidambar orientalis). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 6(1):13-18.
Keyvan E, Savaş MM (2021). Evaluation of antibacterial activities of Stryax Liquidus on Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel surface. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute, 9(1):7-11.
Keyvan E, Tutun H, Kahraman HA, Şen E, et al. (2022). Determination of time-dependent antibacterial activities of curcumin, carvacrol and Styrax liquidus on Salmonella Enteritidis. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 69(4):355-360.
Kılınç Y, Baygar T, Saraç N, Uğur A, Karaca İ (2020). Anti-adhesion activity and physicochemical features of the surgical silk sutures coated with Liquidambar orientalis styrax. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 11(5):359-365.
Kıyıcı R, Akkan HA, Karaayvaz BK, Karaca M, Özmen O, Kart A, Garli S (2024). Effects of Sweetgum oil on experimental chronic gastritis in rat model. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 58(9):1493-1502.
Kırmacı M, Çatak U (2020). Epiphytic bryophyte flora of Liquidambar orientalis forests. Anatolian Bryology, 6(2):70-77.
Kızmaz M (1994). Bazı yapraklı ağaç türlerinin çelikle üretilmesi üzerine araştırmalar. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Köse MD, Bayraktar O, Balta AB (2016). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts from some selected Mediterranean plant species. International Journal of New Technology and Research, 2(5):113-118.
Koutsaviti A, Antonopoulou V, Vlassi A, et al. (2018). Chemical composition and fumigant activity of essential oils from six plant families against Sitophilus oryzae (Col: Curculionidae). J. Pest Sci., 91:873-886.
Lee YS, Kim J, Lee SG, Oh E, Shin SC, Park IK (2009). Effects of plant essential oils and components from Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) on growth and morphogenesis of three phytopathogenic fungi. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 93(3):138-143.
Mu F, Zhao J, Zhao M, Lin R, Liu K, Zhao S, Tao X, Li W, Dai Q, Xi M, Tang H, Wang J (2023). Styrax (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) promotes mitochondrial function and reduces cardiac damage following myocardial ischemic injury: the role of the AMPK-PGC1α signaling pathway. J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 75(12):1496-1508.
Mutlu D, Günal B, Seçme M, Bozbeyoğlu KNN, Abban MG, Mercan DN, Arslan S (2024). Biological activities of Liquidambar orientalis: antibiofilm, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and miRNA expressions. Botanica Serbica, 48(1):17-26.
Nalbantsoy A, Karış M, Karakaya L, Akgül Y (2016). Antioxidant, cytotoxic and iNOS activity of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. resin extracts. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 41(3):198-205.
Nakipoglu M, Özkabadayı Y, Karahan S, Tezcaner A (2024). Bilayer wound dressing composed of asymmetric polycaprolactone membrane and chitosan-carrageenan hydrogel incorporating storax balsam. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 254:128020.
Ökmen G, Cantekin Z, Alam MI, Türkcan O, Ergün Y (2017). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. various extracts against bacterial pathogens causing mastitis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 5(8):883-887.
Ökmen G, Türkcan O, Ceylan O, Gork G (2014). The Antimicrobial activity of liquidambar orientalis mill. against food pathogens and antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 11(5):28-32.
Öztürk M, Çelik A, Güvensen A, Hamzaoğlu E (2008). Ecology of tertiary relict endemic Liquidambar orientalis Mill. forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(4):510-518.
Sağdıç O, Özkan G, Özcan M, Özçelik S (2005). A Study on inhibitory effects of sığla tree (Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis) storax against several bacteria. Phytotherapy Research, 19(6):549-551.
Saraç N, Şen B (2014). Antioxidant, mutagenic, antimutagenic activities, and phenolic compounds of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis. Industrial Crops and Products, 53:60-64.
Selim S, Sönmez NK (2015). Sığla (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) popülasyonları dağılımının CBS ile belirlenmesi ve habitat kalitesinin peyzaj metrikleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi; Muğla Köyceğiz örneği. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 12(1):30-38.
Sıcak Y, Eliuz EAE (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Anatolian sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) leaf oil. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 3(2):277-281.
Smilyanets N, Vakulenko T, Svitylko I (2024). Morphological structure of infructescence, fruits, and seeds of some species of the Genus Liquidambar L. in species identification. Agrobiodivers Improv Nutr Health Life Qual, 8(1):108-121.
Şengün DN, Karaca İR, Öztürk HS (2023). Antioxidant effects of Styrax liquidus on DMBA-exposed rat tongue tissues. Meandros Medical And Dental Journal, 24(4):303-308.
Taşkın BG, Taşkın V, Varol Ö, Arslan T, Küçükakyüz K (2010). Türki̇ye’deki̇ reli̇kt endemi̇k Sığla ağacı (Liquidambar Orientalis Mill. var. Orientalis ve L. Orientalis Mill. var. Integriloba Fiori) populasyonlarında genetik çeşitliliğin izoenzimler ve RAPD (Rasgele üretilen polimorfik DNA) belirteçleri yardımıyla saptanması. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu, TOVAG-104 O 529.
Taylan H (2018); Idyma sikkelerinde yaprak betimi: Anadolu Sığla ağacı (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.). Journal of ArchaeologyveArt., 159:55-68.
Teker N, Kolancılar H (2020). Sığla yağının sinnamik asit ve alkollerinden elde edilen türevler. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 8(3):285-294.
Topal U, Sasaki M, Goto M, Otles S (2008). Chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of essential oils from nine species of Turkish plants obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59(7-8):619-634.
Urgancı BE, Doğan C, Şimşek S, Açıkbaş İ (2022). The Antioxidant role of Storax in Boron compounds induced hacat cells. IJHSRP, 7(3):280-288.
Ürker O, İlemin Y (2019) A pioneer study on the wildlife properties of anatolian sweetgum forests, a case assesment on mammalian diversity in terms of ecosystem integrity. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(7):5474-5480.
Ürker O (2014). Çevre etiği bağlamında Anadolu Sığla ormanları. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Ürker O, Benzeyen ST (2020). The importance of Endangered Anatolian (Oriental) Sweetgum forests for the bird Species. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 4(1):14-25.
Ürker O, Günlü A (2023). Identification of plantation areas for the endangered oriental sweetgum tree (Liquidambar orientalis Miller, 1768) in Türkiye. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 21(1).153-168.
Ürker O, Yorulmaz T (2020). Köyceğiz-Dalyan Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi’ndeki Anadolu sığla ormanlarında yarasa (Chiroptera) aktivitesinin belirlenmesi. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 7(1):88-103.
Utkan NG, Eroğlu GB (2024). Using some herbal essential oils to biological control Varroa and molecular investigation of the stress level of these products on Honey bees. Bee World, 101(1):9-14.
Verma N, Shukla S (2015). Impact of various factors responsible for fluctuation in plant secondary metabolites. Journal of applied research on medicinal and aromatic plants, 2(4):105-113.
Yaltırık F, Efe A (2000). Dendroloji Ders Kitabı, Gymnospermae Angiospermae, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Yavuz S, Öztürk D (2023). Investigation of potential nutritive values of some tree leaves and its extracts by using in vitro gas production. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 26(2):459-469.
Yurttas E, Tetik N, Ayrılmış N (2023). Antimicrobial properties of 3D printed biocomposites with heat-treated wood flour using silver nanoparticles with leaf extract. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 18(2):663-671.
Yüzer Ö, Tonguç A, Doğaç E (2022). Genetic characterization of endemic Liquidambar orientalis populations in Muğla province based on ISSR polymorphism. Preprint (Version 1), Research Square.
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2025 Sekizgen Academy
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
