Ecological Perspective (ECOPERS) is scientific peer-reviewed journal devoting to improve ecological aspects of environmental science. The main purpose is to identify people and nature relation with communicating to several actors of the society, including scientists/researchers, stakeholders, communities, policymakers and practitioners. ECOPERS publishes original research papers on landscape ecology, ecosystem services and biodiversity as one of the first components of ecological systems benefits to human well-being. This scope includes studies on sustainability of ecosystems, ecosystem services, green infrastructures, ecosystem management, participation, spatial planning and biodiversity management, among others. Ecological Perspective is the official scientific journal of the "Sekizgen Academy". e-ISSN:2792-0062 Editor In Chief: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seda ÖRÜCÜ
The Theoretical Architecture of the MOLUSCE Plugin and an Assessment of Application Results in Land Cover Change Prediction
Projecting land use and land cover change is central to landscape planning and natural resource management. MOLUSCE (Modules for Land Use Change Simulations) combines Markov chain, cellular automata and machine learning based transition potential models in one open source QGIS plugin. This study dissects the theoretical architecture of the plugin, then comparatively discusses 28 applications from nine countries. Its four transition potential methods (neural network, logistic regression, weights of evidence, multi-criteria evaluation) are compared through the reported accuracy figures. The neural network-cellular automata combination is the most frequently adopted configuration, while controlled comparisons show hybrid configurations achieving higher accuracy. Although most applications report Kappa values of 0.70-0.95, a model performing well in training may decline markedly at validation. Predictions consistently indicate expanding built-up areas and retreating natural cover. MOLUSCE is a reliable decision support tool, but its success depends less on the tool than on input data quality and the choice of driver variables and parameters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sekizgen Academy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
HABITUS: Habitat Analysis and Biodiversity Integrated Toolkit for Unified Species Distribution Modelling
Species distribution modelling (SDM) underpins conservation planning, biogeography and climate-change impact assessment, yet the available software either presupposes command-line proficiency or obliges the researcher to chain several separate tools together. This technical note is a hands-on tutorial for HABITUS, a standalone desktop application that consolidates the entire SDM workflow within a single graphical interface and requires neither programming nor a proprietary GIS. The tutorial follows the eight-step sequential workflow from beginning to end: importing occurrence records and environmental layers, generating background and pseudo-absence points, screening multicollinearity with variance inflation factors, correlation matrices, the condition number, principal component analysis and LASSO/Ridge regularisation, fitting models from a library of thirteen algorithms, projecting to future climate scenarios, quantifying range change, evaluating performance with the area under the ROC curve, the true skill statistic and the continuous Boyce index, validating against an independent reference map, and generating an automated ten-section report. Every step is illustrated with screenshots from a real analysis of Pinus brutia Ten. (Turkish red pine), based on 108 occurrence records and 23 environmental predictors across Türkiye. The worked example achieved test AUC values of 0.906–0.960 and 89.8% overall accuracy (Cohen's kappa = 0.648) against the independent EUFORGEN chorological map. The tutorial also documents the errors most frequently encountered in applied SDM — mismatched projection layers, reporting net rather than gross range change, validating a map against itself, and relying on a single cross-validation fold — and explains how the software's design prevents or exposes each of them.
Landscape Design Criteria in The Development of Healing Gardens
This study comprehensively examines how healing gardens are planned within the framework of landscape design principles, their design criteria, and the positive effects of these special spaces on health. Healing gardens are designed as multifunctional areas that integrate natural elements, sensory stimuli, sustainability, and user-centered accessibility principles to support physical, mental, and social well-being. In the design process, balancing privacy, social interaction, and sensory experiences while considering the needs of different user groups is of great importance. Selected exemplary healing garden projects from both global and Turkish contexts are analyzed within the scope of the study, evaluating their contributions to health-oriented design approaches in landscape architecture at local and international levels. Projects such as medicinal and aromatic plant gardens in Turkey exemplify how the concept of healing gardens integrates with education, therapy, and sustainable landscape practices. In conclusion, healing gardens hold a significant place in health-themed applications of landscape architecture, and the proliferation of such spaces will positively enhance user experience and public health. The adoption of sustainable and user-focused design approaches will increase the effectiveness of landscape projects in the health sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sekizgen Academy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of The Xeriscape Approach in The Context of Sustainable Water Management
Urban water stress is intensifying under climate change, rapid urbanization, and increasing climate variability. Outdoor landscape irrigation—especially turf-dominated and high-water-demand planting—constitutes a substantial and often discretionary component of municipal water use, making it a critical target for demand-side water management. Xeriscape (drought-adaptive landscaping) provides an integrated design-and-management framework to reduce irrigation demand through climate-appropriate planning, hydro zoning, soil improvement, mulching, efficient irrigation, and maintenance practices. This review synthesizes international and Turkish evidence on xeriscape within sustainable urban water management and water-sensitive city (WSC) agendas. Following a scoping-review logic and thematic synthesis (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005; Peters et al., 2020), we examine foundational principles, performance evidence (water savings, costs, ecosystem co-benefits), enabling technologies and standards (ET0-based water budgets, smart irrigation), implementation barriers, and adaptation needs across climate regions. The literature indicates that meaningful water savings are achievable when plant selection, irrigation technology, soil/mulch practices, and monitoring are implemented as an integrated system rather than as isolated measures. For Türkiye, scaling xeriscape requires standardized water-budget targets, comparable monitoring indicators, a strengthened native plant supply chain, and policy instruments that combine technical guidance with incentives and public communication.
The Impact of Landscape Design on Public Health: Green Spaces, Therapeutic Gardens, and Psychological Well-Being
Therapeutic gardens are natural environments that support physical and psychological well-being and have been used throughout history. Their designs must consider factors such as accessibility, safety, sensory stimulation, and cultural appropriateness. These gardens reduce stress, promote relaxation, and improve quality of life; they cater to various groups such as Alzheimer's, HIV/AIDS, and cancer patients. Successful therapeutic gardens offer multi-sensory experiences, facilitate social interaction while preserving privacy, and harmonize with their surroundings. In Turkey, there are areas that need improvement, such as lack of standardization, insufficient protection against climate conditions, deficiencies in local plant usage, and scarcity of scientific studies. Therefore, national standards, incentive programs, and multidisciplinary teams are necessary. Roof and terrace gardens are also important alternatives that should be evaluated in urban areas.
The Effect of Overseeding on Turfgrass Quality in Turf Areas
Overseeding is a practice that involves introducing new grass seeds into existing turf areas to enhance density, fill bare spots, and improve overall turf quality. This method plays a crucial role in maintaining the aesthetics and functionality of high-traffic areas such as sports fields, parks, and urban landscapes. In addition to improving the visual quality of turf, overseeding supports species diversity, contributing to increased resistance against pests and diseases. By selecting appropriate seeds and applying proper techniques, overseeding helps turf areas adapt to environmental conditions and achieve long-term durability. This method significantly influences turf density, color, resilience, and regeneration capacity, making it an integral part of sustainable turf management strategies. This study examines the application processes of overseeding, its impact on turf quality, and its importance in turf management practices.
Comparison of Ecological Networks in New Urban Textures: The Example Of Haliliye (Şanlıurfa)
A sustainable urban plan needs to consider human beings and the natural environment in which they live together. The distribution and development of urban green areas have an important role in the formation of a healthy urban environment. The rapid urbanization that occurred in the world with industrialization gained momentum in Turkey in the 20th century. In this process, important environmental problems have emerged over time in Şanliurfa, which has become an unplanned urbanization as a result of the need for settlement that emerged with the effect of migration from rural to urban areas, as in many cities. In this study, the effects of ecological approaches, which have emerged in recent years to combat environmental problems worldwide, on the city of Şanliurfa are examined through the recently developed Veysel Karani and Karşıyaka neighborhoods of Haliliye District. The data obtained from the field study were evaluated and it was determined that these two neighborhoods, which are still developing, are far from being ecosystems aiming at the continuity of species and are only human-oriented planned areas. Suggestions have been developed for these two areas to evolve into ecological settlements in the ongoing development process.
The Importance And Design Of Open Green Spaces For Individuals With Autism
Open green spaces are places that offer important features for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These spaces have positive effects on individuals with autism in terms of their emotional, social and physical development thanks to the elements such as tranquilisers, social interaction opportunities and physical activities offered by nature. This study includes literature research, questionnaire study for parents of children with autism, and finally, examination of the methods and stages used in data analyses and providing information. Within the scope of the questionnaire, 27 questions were asked to parents and parents were asked to answer through Google forms. Within the scope of the research, 52 parents participated in the study. According to the data obtained from the results of the study, it was determined that the attitudes and behaviours of individuals with autism in open and green spaces were more positive and the importance of design criteria for individuals with special needs in the design of open green spaces was emphasised and design suggestions were presented.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ecological Perspective https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Methods and Techniques Used in Determining The Socio-Cultural Value of Ecosystem Services
This paper discusses the methods and techniques developed to determine the socio-cultural values of ecosystem services. The study focuses particularly on cultural ecosystem services (CEES), emphasizing their importance for human well-being and sustainability. In line with the aim of the article, the research examines the definition, classification and valuation of CES in a theoretical framework, and discusses methods such as surveys, semi-structured interviews, participatory mapping, economic valuation and social media analysis to identify their social values. The social values of KEH play a critical role in the sustainable management of natural resources and enhancing social welfare. As a result, it is recommended that the social values of KEH are protected and integrated into policy processes for sustainable ecosystem management. Examples illustrate how these methods can be used to identify the social benefits of these services and to engage local people in ecosystem management. Understanding the social value of KEH is critical for the sustainable management of natural resources and enhancing social well-being. This contributes to the conservation and management of ecosystem services in a way that is compatible with human well-being.
Artificial Intelligence and Landscape Architecture: The Aesthetic and Sustainable Fabric of The Future
Artificial intelligence (AI) is driving transformative changes in landscape architecture, reshaping the sector. This study examines AI's innovative role in landscape design and its future potential. AI algorithms accelerate design processes and enable data-driven decision-making through comprehensive analyses of large datasets. While increasing the efficiency of design processes, this technology also contributes significantly to sustainability and environmental sensitivity. By promoting the efficient use of natural resources, AI aids in reducing environmental impact and strengthens the sustainability of future landscape projects. AI-driven analyses provide designers with innovative and effective solutions, especially in areas such as water resource management, climate-adapted plant selection, and ecosystem preservation. However, awareness-building training programs are needed among designers to ensure AI’s effective use. The integration of AI into landscape architecture not only guides sector innovations but also contributes to the creation of new career opportunities. This study takes a comprehensive look at AI's role and future impact in landscape architecture.
Enhancing Technologies In Adaptive Reuse: AI Supported Systems
The adaptive reuse of historical and industrial buildings is pivotal for sustainable urban development, preserving cultural heritage, minimizing environmental impact, and addressing contemporary needs. This paper examines how advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be integrated into the adaptive reuse process. It emphasizes their ability to improve decision-making, refine design solutions, and support sustainable management. AI and ML offer innovative solutions for identifying appropriate uses for repurposed buildings, optimizing structural adjustments, and ensuring alignment with sustainability objectives. The findings highlight the potential of these technologies to bring about significant transformations in architecture and construction, advocating for their conscientious and ethical implementation to strike a balance between tradition and innovation.
Machine Learning Techniques In Species Distribution Modeling
Climate change caused by global warming is one of the universal problems that is important for human life with its long-term consequences. It is predicted by studies that climate change will have a negative impact on the distribution of species. In these studies, point data showing the areas where the species are found and bioclimatic data of the areas are taken into consideration and the current and future potential distribution areas of the species are determined with different species distribution models according to climate scenarios. Different modeling tools are used to determine the effects of climate change, one of the global problems, on the distribution of species and to predict the possible distribution with different scenarios. The machine learning technique, which is frequently used in modeling the current and potential future distribution areas of species, has become widespread and has become one of the important fields of study today. As a result of studies using machine learning methods, it is envisaged that future uses of species can be planned, biological diversity can be analyzed and necessary conservation measures can be taken. In this study, machine learning methods frequently used in species distribution modeling were examined.
Land Use/Land Cover and Change Detection of Isparta Eğirdir Lake Basin Using Sentinel 2 Satellite Images
Land use and land cover (LULC) change is a global environmental issue significantly impacting sustainable development and environmental quality. The process of analyzing LULC change involves remote sensing and GIS using machine learning techniques. This study aims to analyze the LULC change in the Isparta Eğirdir Lake basin, a crucial ecosystem and economic resource in Turkey, considering its biodiversity, agricultural potential, touristic value, and water resources. Sentinel 2A satellite images with a spatial resolution of 10m from 2015 to 2023 were used for the analysis. NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI analyses, along with a supervised classification method, were employed to identify the direction and magnitude of the change. As a result, the surface area of Lake Eğirdir, Turkey's second-largest freshwater lake, is gradually decreasing, with a noticeable withdrawal of 50-60 meters, particularly in the Hoyran section of the lake.
An Investigation of the Regulatory Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Trees on Campuses: Case of Aydın Adnan Menderes University
The aim of the study is to analyse the regulatory ecosystem services provided by the tree cover in the university campuses, where the impact on the environment is becoming increasingly important, and the monetary values ​​related to these, through the case of Aydın Adnan Menderes University central campus, and make suggestions for its future. In the realization of the study, 7 land cover types and their areal distributions were evaluated over a total of 2160 random points using the web-based i-Tree Canopy application. As a result, the tree crown cover, which constitutes 12.73% of the study area, removes a total of 771.52 kg of gas and particulate pollutants from the air ($8,802), the estimated annual carbon captured by the crown cover is 34.98 tons, and the total carbon stored by the crown cover is calculated as 878.44 tons ($294,736). The total estimated economic value delivered by all regulatory services is $303,537. Compared to other studies carried out in our country, the lack of tree cover on the central campus of Aydın Adnan Menderes University draws attention. However, considering that it has a great potential to increase tree cover, it can be stated that it has a good potential in terms of regulatory ecosystem services and the economic benefits they will bring both for the campus and for the whole city.
ADU, land cover, i-Tree Canopy, campus, crown cover
Road Planting in Urban Design The Example of Adnan Menderes Boulevard (Aydın)
Urban street planting forms a significant part of open green spaces, providing numerous aesthetic and functional contributions. Effective and systematic landscaping activities on urban roads, medians, and pedestrian paths contribute to the formation of the urban open green system, connecting urban and rural areas. This study was conducted on Adnan Menderes Boulevard, which is one of the heavily used axes in the city center of Aydın. The typology and features of the road, the locations, types, quantities, and botanical characteristics of the plants were determined in the study. The aesthetic and functional functions of the plants used were evaluated. Problems experienced on the boulevard were examined under three headings (growing area, appropriate species selection, maintenance). A total of 27 plant species were identified in the study area, 10 of which are trees, 9 shrubs, 4 vines, 4 groundcovers and seasonal. It has been observed that there are deficiencies in design, application and maintenance processes and suggestions were presented for Adnan Menderes Boulevard in line with the findings.
Assessment & Monitoring of Agricultural Drought Indices Using Remote Sensing Techniques and their Inter-Comparison
Agricultural drought is nothing but the decline in the productivity of crops due to irregularities in the rainfall as well as decrease in the soil moisture, which in turn affects the economy of the nation. As the Indian agriculture is largely dependent on the Monsoon, a slight change in it affects the production as well as the crop yield drastically. The agricultural drought monitoring, assessment as well as management can be done more accurately with the help of geospatial techniques like Remote Sensing. In present study agriculture drought is estimated in vadodara district. The purpose of the study is to analyze the vegetation stress in the Vadodara district with the calculation of NDVI, NDWI, MNDWI, WRI, NDBI and NDSI indices values. The results of NDVI values shows agricultural fields more susceptible to drought. Similarly, decreasing trend was observed in NDWI index which is 22.12% to 19.3% from 2013 to 2018.The builtup index (NDBI) is increasing by 1.85% in last 5 years. The Water ratio index is also showing decreasing trend in study area by 22.35% to 14.29%. The intercomparisions of NDVI and all other indices with rainfall data provides very useful information for agricultural drought monitoring and early warning system for the farmers. The findings of this research will be of interest to local agriculture authorities, like plantation and meteorology departments to understand drier areas in the state to evaluate water deficits severity and cloud seeding points during drought.
Tallavajhala Maruthi Venkata Suryanarayana
Dry and Wet Period Analysis using Meteorological Drought Indices in Sabarkantha district Gujarat, India
Drought assessment is very important to manage water resources in lean period. In the present study, identification of drought years and extent of deficit of annual rainfall is accomplished by use of three meteorological based drought indices like the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration index (SPEI), China-Z index (CZI) and Modified China-Z index (MCZI) on 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month (short term and long term) timescales using monthly precipitation and temperature data from 1901 to 2002 at Sabarkantha to specify the drought conditions in present study area. The analysis of multiple time steps in drought indices make it harder to decide the best time step to show the drought conditions. The months of January, March, November and December have been identified 76, 79, 77 and 80 times as drought months respectively in the 20th century, indicating that these months must be provided with assured Irrigation. It is observed that 1904, 1911, 1915, 1923, 1974, 1987 and 2002 affected by severe drought condition in SPEI-12. The China Z Index and Modified China Z index shows that’s 1904, 1911, 1915, 1918, 1923, 1948, 1951, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1974, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1995 and 2002 affected by extreme drought. The study also reveals that only 1% year obtain as extreme wet conditions. From result it shows that 23% years are categorised into moderate to extreme drought years, which includes 15% Moderate dry, 8% severe dry years.
Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration Index
Determining the Bioclimatic Comfort Structure of The Provinces of the Göller Yöresi and Mapping of the Thermal Perception
In this study, Bioclimatic structure maps and thermal perception maps of the provinces of Afyonkarahisar, Antalya, Burdur, Denizli, Isparta, and Konya were created. In order to determine the climate comfort of the study area, the climate data obtained from 16 meteorology stations were used. The Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index based on the energy balance model was used to calculate bioclimatic comfort. RayMan Pro software was used to calculate the PET values. Calculated point PET values were mapped in ArcMap 10.8, one of the geographic information systems software, using the inverse distance weighted interpolation technique (IDW). The most comfortable months and regions were determined according to the classification of PET values. May, October, and June are the months with the most comfort, respectively.
Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET)
Copyright (c) 2022 Sekizgen Academy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Investigation of Automatic Irrigation Systems Used in Landscape Architecture in Aydın City Nevzat Biçer Park Example
The studies carried out to prevent the rapid decrease of water resources due to factors such as global warming, rapid population growth, and faulty irrigation methods have aimed to develop projects for the principle of best irrigation with the least use of water in the discipline of landscape architecture. In this context, the irrigation system of Nevzat Biçer Park in the Cumhuriyet Mahallesi of Aydın province was examined in line with the aforementioned principle and the findings obtained were the subject of this study. In the study, issues such as climate, soil used in the park, landscape elements, water demand of plants were examined and the problems in the system were tried to be determined. As a result of the evaluations, solution suggestions were presented for problems such as incompatibility between landscape elements and climatic conditions, design and planning errors, faulty irrigation technique, insufficient irrigation system.
Comparison Of ‘’Leed, Breeam And Yes_Tr’’ Assessment Tools Within The Framework Of The Principles Of Eco-Urbanization
The increase in welfare and job opportunities in cities has led to migration from rural to urban areas all over the world. In line with the immigrations experienced, the cities have reached a growth rate of 170% and this has led to the acceptance of the necessity of the concept of sustainability in the cities. Urban sustainability tools have been developed in terms of ensuring sustainability in cities in a certain order, documenting, observing, and promoting their changes over time. Within the scope of this study, the advantages and weaknesses of LEED Cities and Communities, BREEAM Communities which are the most accepted sustainability assessment tools in the world, and YeS-TR developed in our country, were evaluated within the scope of urban sustainability standards.
A New Open Space Approach For Urban Settlements: Pedestrian Stop (Parklet)
Open spaces, which have an important place in city plans, have been handled with different aspects in many studies. Open spaces should be planned with certain sizes and distances in order to provide mass-space balance in urban settlements. Open spaces, especially in dense residential areas have various functions such as creating air corridor, providing fresh air, meeting recreational needs, and reducing stress. However, as a result of the increase in construction with the high population, the pressure on open spaces is increasing day by day, sometimes some of them, sometimes all of them can be opened to construction. In this study, the concept of "parklet", developed as an alternative to urban open spaces, which has decreased especially in dense residential areas, has been researched, and its place and importance on an international scale have been emphasized. Parklet applications can be carried out in which situations by examining potential parklet areas in the central settlement area of ​​Tekirdağ province Süleymanpaşa district, where is the research area, has been revealed. Suggested parklet use has been developed for two of them, which differ in usage from potential areas. With this study, it is thought that alternative open spaces can be created for dense urban settlements, it is an example for other studies and the concept of parklet will be developed in our country as well.
Garp Modeling for Prediction of Present and Future Distribution of Background Pear (Crataegus microphylla C. KOCH)
Modeling the current and future distribution areas of species using machine learning technique has become one of the important studies in terms of revealing how much the distribution areas of plants will be affected by climate change. By using point data showing the areas where the species exist and the layers created by using the bioclimatic data of these areas, the current and future potential distribution areas of the species can be determined with the GARP program according to different climate scenarios. In the article study carried out in this context, in order to determine how the distribution area of ​​Crataegus microphylla C. Koch from Rosaceae Family will be affected by climate change, based on the 6IPCC report, the potential distribution area of ​​the species for the 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 periods was modeled according to the scenarios of SSP1 2.6, SSP2 4.5, SSP3 7.0 and SSP5 8.5 using MIROC-ES2L, one of the CMIP6 models and the spatial and positional differences between the present and future distribution areas of the species were revealed by the change analysis. In this study, in which the current potential distribution area of ​​this species belonging to the Rosaceae family and how it will be affected by climate change in the future, it is estimated that there will be a decrease in the distribution area of C. microphylla in both periods of the SSP2 4.5 scenario.
Effects Of Auditory Landscape On The Users In Case Antalya
In this study, the recreational areas in the city of Antalya, which have intensive use, were observed and the effects of the auditory landscape on the users were revealed. For this purpose; The survey was conducted for the whole of Antalya, sound pressure level measurements and sound walkings were conducted in 4 recreational areas (Cumhuriyet Square, Konyaaltı coast road, Kaleiçi Marina, Karaalioğlu Park) in Antalya city center. The survey was completed with 394 people. The results were analyzed and tables and graphs were created. Measurements were made in 4 selected areas and sound pressure levels of these areas ranged between 61-70 dB. Konyaalti coast road is the most noisy and Karaalioğlu Park is the quietest area. It was found that the most important factor in the areas where the sound level was measured was traffic noise. In addition to the visual expectations of the users, it was concluded that there is a need for planning and design studies to be performed considering the auditory expectations.
Climate Change And Paris Agreement: An Evaluation In The Case Of Turkey
As a result of the negative effects of human activities on nature, greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere have also increased. Global warming due to this increase is described as climate change, which is one of the biggest environmental problems today, and its effect is felt gradually. The direction of the effects felt is global and has a negative course. Many international meetings and studies are carried out to reduce the impact of climate change. However, no concrete results can be obtained. Failure to achieve the required result can be shown as the countries not making enough efforts and the developed countries not attempting to reduce their excess energy use. The Paris Agreement, which has been accepted by many countries on climate change on the international platform, is the first agreement to deal with the absorption of greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change. In this study, the situation of our country, which has declared that it will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as a party to the agreement, and the 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26) are evaluated from an ecological perspective and information about the literature is included.
Key words: Climate change, Paris Agreement, Turkey, COP26
Copyright (c) 2021 Sekizgen Academy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ecological-Based Tourism Opportunities: A Study On The Case Of The Coast Of Perşembe-Fatsa
Today, city people want to spend their long holidays in different places as much as their free time allows, and this ensures the diversification of tourism types of touristic places. For this reason, the search for alternative tourism is diversified not only in the context of tourism types, but also in the context of the natural and cultural characteristics of the place to be visited. Ecological-based tourism, which emerges as a result of the search for alternative tourism, is to enable the development of a tourism understanding that is shaped according to natural and cultural values ​​and allows the sustainability of these values. In this study, ecological-based tourism opportunities in Ordu Persembe-Fatsa coastal region were discussed and the natural and cultural landscape values ​​of the study area were examined. The ecological tourism potential of the area was evaluated in the study, which was carried out with on-site observation and examination method.
Determining The Change On The Water Surface Of Lake Namak By Using Remote Sensing Methods By Water Indexs (AWEI, MNDWI, NDWI And WRI)
Lake Namak is a remnant of the Paratethys Sea, which forms Lake Urmia, the Caspian Sea, and other water bodies in Iran. Besides being a small salt lake, the lake is located 790 meters above sea level and is fed by the Qom River. However, with the effect of drought in recent years, decreasing surface water and increasing salinity have caused the lake to dry up. In this study, the spatial-temporal changes of Lake Namak between the years 2001-2021 -in three decades-; Calculated using Landsat 5-TM, Landsat 7-ETM+, and Landsat 8-OLI images. In this study, Normalized Differential Water Index (NDWI), Modified Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Water Ratio Index (WRI), and Automatic Water Extraction Index (AWEI), which allows surface water extraction from Landsat data, were examined. As a result, the changes in the water surface that occurred in the 20-year period were compared spatially (km²) and it was determined that the NDWI index, which has a relatively high accuracy rate, can be used as a more useful method in determining the surface water compared to other indexes.
AWEI, Landsat, MNDWI, Namak Lake, NDWI, surface water, water index, WRI
Landscape Matrix Proposal For Haliç (Golden Horn) Coastal Zone
The impacts of urbanization on landscapes and ecosystems have been increasing globally. How urban landscape is shaped, in other words designed, is a fundamental human activity in terms of urban sustainability. Landscape is often dealed with mostly by aesthetic concerns which presents sustainable/ecological/natural qualities only at formal level, is limited by legislative framework, hardly responds to human needs and behavioral patterns and lacks a holistic approach within the Turkish spatial design practice. This study aims to develop a landscape matrix in the example of Istanbul (Golden Horn) region as an open space operation model within the existing urban texture, which the built environment has been represented with different layers of historical developments. The matrix presented in this study presents a design process on the basis of urban ecology as well as the physical and social relations of the study area located in the Golden Horn, one of the cultural identity values of Istanbul, formed by urban layers belonging to different historical periods. It is thought that the construction of the coastal and hinterland relationship through the open space system both contributes to the dissolution of the urban texture towards the coastal zone and strengthens the character of the waterfront.
Effects Of Climate Change On Main Forest Tree Species In Turkey
Global warming and climate change threaten the future of world. The effects of climate change, which expresses the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide, and the differences in precipitation, are now felt all over the world, from the highest peaks to the ocean depths, from the equator to the poles. While climate change creates negative effects on forests, it also causes destruction in the natural carbon cycle. Primary forest trees and forest areas, which directly contribute to the economy, are also of vital importance for people and other living things that are part of the ecosystem. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of global climate change on main forest tree species through the climate change models of the future and present and to evaluate what kind of effects, problems and results emerge. As a result, it is seen that most of main tree species will not be able to adapt to climate change, the distribution areas of the species will decrease and even of them will face the danger of extinction.